Company Secretary (CS)

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Study through a structured and exam-focused academic journey designed for Company Secretary aspirants at every stage.

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Programme video

Company Secretary — introduction

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Company Secretary · English · 5:11

Company, Shareholders and Limited Liability

Explore the company as a separate legal person, the role of shareholders, and limited liability through two worked share-capital examples.

An introductory lesson shared across CSEET, CS Executive and CS Professional preparation. Continue with your selected programme for its full curriculum and published lessons.

Worked examples

Clear teaching panels show the company-ownership rules and worked share-capital calculations.

These examples concern a company limited by shares, with no share premium.

Shareholders own their shares. Company assets, such as computers, furniture and bank funds, belong to the company.

Asha: 100 partly paid shares

Issue price per share: ₹10. Amount paid per share: ₹6.

Unpaid per share: ₹10 − ₹6 = ₹4.

Total unpaid: 100 × ₹4 = ₹400.

In this example, Asha’s remaining liability as shareholder is limited to the ₹400 unpaid on her shares.

Ravi: 50 partly paid shares

Issue price per share: ₹20. Amount paid per share: ₹15.

Unpaid per share: ₹20 − ₹15 = ₹5.

Total unpaid: 50 × ₹5 = ₹250.

In this example, Ravi’s remaining liability as shareholder is limited to the ₹250 unpaid on his shares.

Keep the scenarios separate. When Asha’s shares are fully paid, the unpaid amount is ₹0, although her investment can still lose value. The later example of Nova’s ₹20,000 debt returns to Asha’s earlier partly paid shares and the ₹400 unpaid amount.

A personal guarantee or another independent obligation can create a separate liability. The figures above describe liability as a shareholder under the stated assumptions.

Legal references: Companies Act, 2013, sections 2(22) and 9, and section 4(1)(d)(i); Indian Contract Act, 1872, sections 126 and 128.

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CS Executive Complete CS Professional Complete CSEET

Stage

CSEET

Start strong with the entry-level company secretary foundation and essential conceptual preparation.

Stage

CS Executive

Build a complete understanding of modules across core and applied company secretary subjects.

Stage

CS Professional

Advance to the professional stage with intensive and application-oriented preparation for the final level.

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CSEET

One-time full-course fee.

₹2,999 one time · 18 months course access

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One-time full-course fee for the complete published access period. No automatic debit and no monthly renewal. Your saved progress is retained after access ends.

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CS Executive Complete

One-time full-course fee.

₹5,999 one time · 18 months course access

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One-time full-course fee for the complete published access period. No automatic debit and no monthly renewal. Your saved progress is retained after access ends.

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CS Professional Complete

One-time full-course fee.

₹11,999 one time · 18 months course access

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One-time full-course fee for the complete published access period. No automatic debit and no monthly renewal. Your saved progress is retained after access ends.