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Company Secretary · English · 5:11

Company, Shareholders and Limited Liability

Explore the company as a separate legal person, the role of shareholders, and limited liability through two worked share-capital examples.

An introductory lesson shared across CSEET, CS Executive and CS Professional preparation. Continue with your selected programme for its full curriculum and published lessons.

Worked examples

Clear teaching panels show the company-ownership rules and worked share-capital calculations.

These examples concern a company limited by shares, with no share premium.

Shareholders own their shares. Company assets, such as computers, furniture and bank funds, belong to the company.

Asha: 100 partly paid shares

Issue price per share: ₹10. Amount paid per share: ₹6.

Unpaid per share: ₹10 − ₹6 = ₹4.

Total unpaid: 100 × ₹4 = ₹400.

In this example, Asha’s remaining liability as shareholder is limited to the ₹400 unpaid on her shares.

Ravi: 50 partly paid shares

Issue price per share: ₹20. Amount paid per share: ₹15.

Unpaid per share: ₹20 − ₹15 = ₹5.

Total unpaid: 50 × ₹5 = ₹250.

In this example, Ravi’s remaining liability as shareholder is limited to the ₹250 unpaid on his shares.

Keep the scenarios separate. When Asha’s shares are fully paid, the unpaid amount is ₹0, although her investment can still lose value. The later example of Nova’s ₹20,000 debt returns to Asha’s earlier partly paid shares and the ₹400 unpaid amount.

A personal guarantee or another independent obligation can create a separate liability. The figures above describe liability as a shareholder under the stated assumptions.

Legal references: Companies Act, 2013, sections 2(22) and 9, and section 4(1)(d)(i); Indian Contract Act, 1872, sections 126 and 128.

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CS Executive Complete CS Professional Complete CSEET

Company Secretary

CS Executive Complete

Complete CS Executive preparation pathway.

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Delivery: Online LMS learning support
Access: 18 months course access

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₹9,999.00

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Company Secretary

CS Professional Complete

Final-stage CS Professional preparation.

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Delivery: Online LMS learning support
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₹14,999.00

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Company Secretary

CSEET

Foundation-entry stage preparation for CS aspirants.

Watch the company and shareholders lesson · 5:11 →

Delivery: Online LMS learning support
Access: 18 months course access

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₹4,999.00

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