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UGC NET
Correlation and causation
Correlation means two measurements vary together. Causation means a change in one produces a change in the other. A third variable can produce an apparent relationship.
Worked example
Students who attend optional revision score higher. Prior motivation may influence both attendance and scores; attendance alone is not proven to cause the difference.
Try it yourself
Does a positive correlation prove the revision sessions caused higher marks?
Reveal the answer and reasoning
No. Consider selection effects, confounders, measurement and the study design.
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