Class 12 Political Science

Welcome to Class 12 Political Science. We will study Political theory, work through an example, and practise using the course's learning material. Class 12 Political Science learning and exam support across Indian senior-secondary pathways, with original concept notes, practice, revision and tutor-led explanations. Sign in and use the study header to open your authorised course. Select this published lesson. Start Course Tutor with Auto audio on: it teaches continuously, answers a typed question, then resumes. Keep your board, session and medium selected. Independence in 1947 arrived together with partition, and the new state faced three challenges at once. The first was territorial and political: to hold together a country of great diversity, and to integrate the many princely states that had been under British paramountcy rather than direct rule. Let us work through the argument about linguistic states, because it is a genuine disagreement about how diversity should be accommodated and both sides had serious grounds. The case against reorganisation was made by people who had just witnessed partition. They argued that organising states around language would give political form to identities that could then be mobilised against the union, that it would create linguistic minorities inside every new state whose position might worsen, that it would divert energy from economic development, and that a country needing to build a common citizenship should not institutionalise difference. The case in favour was equally serious. Its supporters argued that a state whose administration, courts and schools operate in a language most of its people do not speak cannot be democratic in practice, since ordinary citizens cannot participate in it. What actually happened is evidence of a kind, though it must be handled carefully. The linguistic reorganisation did not lead to the breakup that its opponents feared. Most scholars of Indian politics now argue that accommodating linguistic identity within a federal union removed a grievance that might otherwise have become a secessionist one, and that the experience supports recognition over denial. Critics of that conclusion point out that not every regional demand was accommodated so smoothly and that some movements over subsequent decades became violent, so the lesson should not be drawn too neatly. Which mistake would change the reasoning in this example? The first mistake is describing partition violence as the act of one community. It was committed and suffered by people of every community, and a responsible answer says so. The second is giving a precise death toll for partition. Ask Course Tutor: please explain this step from the example. The case in favour was equally serious. Why does it follow? Add what you tried, so the explanation addresses your difficulty. Now try the source practice. Name the three challenges facing India at independence. Pause before the answer. The source answer is: integrating a diverse territory including the princely states, establishing and sustaining democratic government, and developing an economy that reduced deep inequality. Compare your reasoning as well as the result. If your response differs, return to the worked example and identify the step that needs correction. Explain the key idea in your own words, revisit any mistaken step, then continue to the next lesson. Use Stop to end Course Tutor when you finish.